Shop over 150 million new & used books, used textbooks, rare, out-of-print books, plus music & movies from independent sellers worldwide. Famous Composers: Some of the famous Baroque composers are Vivaldi, Bach, Monteverdi, Corelli and Handel. Perhaps the greatest composer to come out of the Baroque Period is Johannes Sebastian Bach. In contrast, the Classical Period of music is characterized more or less by a strict, symmetrical structure in the music. During the 20 th century, the most outstanding phenomena in this area has probably been the rediscovering of the called "baroque", as well as the way to perform the works corresponding to this style, trying to connect again (as closely as possible) with the time of the . His costume is reminiscent of that worn in 1910 by Vaslav Nijinsky, the queer choreographer for Les Ballets Russes, in their production of Scheherazade (see figure 4). The Classical period moved dramatically away from this dense, intricate compositional style towards clear a melodic line and accompaniment; or homophony. Getting Bigger Xenoblade, Opera Selections . BBC Channel Four. Mendelssohn's compositions include symphonies, concertos, piano music, organ music and chamber music. Chamber music flourished in both the Baroque and the Classical periods of music. As Baroque is the predecessor of Classical music, Classical music comes into play after Baroque music about in 1750. Read Chapter 1. 2009. 21 March] 1685 - 28 July 1750) was a German composer and musician of the late Baroque period.He is known for his orchestral music such as the Brandenburg Concertos; instrumental compositions such as the Cello Suites; keyboard works such as the Goldberg Variations and The Well-Tempered Clavier; organ works such as the Schubler Chorales and the Toccata and . Berry, Helen. An oratorio is a large work for chorus and orchestra based on a religious theme. This popularity, in turn, lead to some of the most extraordinary keyboard works ever composed and the prominence of the Sonata as a musical form. In En Travesti: Women, Gender Subversion, Opera, edited by Corrine E. Blackmer and Patricia Juliana Smith, 1-19. "Cross-Sexual Casting in Baroque Opera: Musical and Theatrical Conventions." Rousseau, George S. 1991. CD (Virgin Classics 5099969456404). Alan Bush One of Britain's most politically committed composers in the 20th century, Bush composed a Piano Concerto that concludes with a choral setting of part of the communist manifesto. The premiere cast featured castrati in all three roles: Senesino, Gaetano Berenstadt, and Giuseppe Bigonzi, respectively. Required fields are marked *. This model, also called the one-sex model, posited that men and women are essentially the same, the only difference being the genitalia physically expressed outside the male body (that is, the penis and testicles) are expressed analogously inside the female body (that is, the vagina and ovaries) (Laqueur 1990:4-5). The classical period (c1750-1800) Two developments ended the hegemony of serious opera (opera seria). Pi amabile belt" (2:15-2:37). The lens is Georg Frideric Handel's opera Giulio Cesare in Egitto or "Julius Caesar in Egypt." [ii] I examine gender and sexuality interpretations that result from what has been called the "castrato problem." While this and many other baroque works were written specifically for . 1. One could make a similar observation regarding the baroque and early classical musical styles of the 17th and early 18th centuries (roughly from Handel to Haydn), which crossed rather freely from the operatic stage and concert hall to the church and back again. EISENACH: 1685-1695. A lot of arias and duets and even some entire cantatas are entirely dramatic, but very difficult to stage. 1950. Egypt) and titles (e.g. Then, by the beginning of the 19th century, Classical music gave its place to the Romantic era. In 1589, Pope Sixtus V issued a papal bull approving the recruitment of castrati for the choir of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, continuing the biblical edict from first Corinthians that women "shall keep silence in the churches." The confusion outside the new opera house on opening night October 22, 1883, and the commotion within, delayed the prelude to Charles Gounod's Faust. According to Craig Wright, ""baroque" is the term used to describe the art, architecture, dance and music of the period 1600 to 1750 (Wright, 97). Baroque music as we can clearly hear in the music of a composer such as J. 2013. Much political turmoil - no reliable political structure. . The Church was the only stable "government". They wear fantastic costumes and commit extraordinary acts of violence. The concerto delle donne soon became very famous, and attracted many new compositions. In contrast to the strong Caesar, countertenors Christophe Dumaux and Rachid Ben Abdeslam perform their Egyptian characters as homosexual, even effeminate. This is the approach that violinist Chlo Hanslip takes. 445 Charles E. Young Drive Thomas, Gary C. 2006. The characters also are more physically affectionate. , Your email address will not be published. Both actors are thin, lithe men, and throughout the production both combine feminine costumes and/or movement qualities to great effect. What separated forms like the fugue from the sonata is that for the Classical composers, the development of musical material became an increasingly dominant feature rather than the exploration of polyphonic textures. It is often called a 19th Century product (ironic, as it happens, given the atmosphere of joy, excitement and sometimes outright bad behavior of the 19th century concert hall!) The culture-scape is baroque opera in the years 1724 and 2005. Figure 2: From 1542, the female reproductive system (at left) and the male reproductive system (right) illustrating the penis/vagina isomorphism (Laqueur 1990:86). The Franco-Canadian design-and-direction duo of (Andr) Barbe & (Renaud) Doucet have actually set their Flute within an Edwardian grand hotel. Giulio Cesare. DVD. With the freedom, Baroque composers became the first to establish opera form of music genre. She also has written the somewhat (in)famous Orthe duology of which the final volume Ancient Light courageously follows the logic of the story to its more . For more information on choosing credible sources for your paper, check out this blog post. What we hear in the Classical period is the rise of the virtuoso soloist that eventually lead to works like the Beethoven Piano Concertos. Francesca Kemp, director. Differences between Baroque and Classical music. (Columbia TriStar Home Video 10629). [ii] There have been several attempts to untangle the sexuality of Handel himselfindeed, a cantata text written for him by Cardinal Pamphili in 1707 directly compares Handel to the mythological Orpheus who, even then, "provided a double emblem of musician and homosexual" (Harris 2001:2). Animators and animation directors had to choose to specifically make the chemistry stronger than, say, how Prince Eric apparently needs an entire animal choir to encourage him to kiss the girl who leans in to kiss him -and then doesn't even do it. So as you can see, Baroque style of music prevailed earlier when compared to the classical type of music. This in practical terms, created a catalogue of ornamental possibilities that players added to their performances including mordents, trills, acciaccaturas and appoggiaturas to name a few. Laqueur, Thomas. From the point of view of at least one modern lesbian, there is an "interplay of erotically charged identification and difference" in casting a woman to play the character of a man (Blackmer and Smith 1995:5). Richard Strauss' Die gyptische Helena remains something of the ugly duckling amongst the operas he wrote with Hugo von Hofmannsthal. The costume is evocative of that of belly dancers, and comprises a turban, earrings, stylized wrist cuffs, a top that combines a belly dancers breast band with the harness worn in a leather bar, a sirwal or punjabi pants, and a robe, which Ptolemy removes to great hilarity from the audience (see figure 3). Incidental and Entr'acte music. Stone, Lawrence. Masque. Help the community by sharing what you know. This freedom gave the Baroque musicians the opportunity to ensemble the solo performances. 2013. Racy, Roger Savage, Timothy Taylor, and attendees of the 2013 Society for Ethnomusicology conference in Indianapolis for their critical feedback on early drafts of this paper. The rise of opera in the late 16th and early 17th centuries was roundly condemned in some Catholic and Protestant quarters: frankly erotic stories, clothed in sensually beguiling music - surely this was the antithesis of pure . This really helped with my report!!! Baroque music gained popularity after Renaissance, in about 1600. [iii] Boys were castrated before the onset of puberty in order to preserve their fine high singing voices, a goal unfortunately not always realized. As a result, new instruments like the clarinet found favour in this orchestral setting as well as a solo instrument in its own right. I would not want to give the impression that I be-lieve the Classical allusions vanish with this approach and are not appre-hended as suchnot only Classical, but Baroque, Renaissance, Romantic, and so on. 2009. [v] For more on the complex sexuality of the castrato, see Dame (2006). This is not the case with the classical performers. This allows our team to focus on improving the library and adding new essays. Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy [n 1] (3 February 1809 - 4 November 1847), born and widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, [n 2] was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Incidental music was composed to be played during the action scenes in plays. Now, as she turns 98, the portraitist looks back at a life on . The Galenic model of biological sex still held sway, in which "men and women were arrayed according to their degree of metaphysical perfection," with men, of course, being more perfect than women (see figure 2) (Laqueur 1990:4-5). http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/a-comparison-of-the-similarities-and-differences-between-baroque-and-classical-opera-4rYORs9e, ("A Comparison of the Similarities and Differences Between Baroque and Classical Opera. Classical music comes into play about in 1750 and by the beginning of the 19th century classical music gave place to the Romantic era. what complaints did classical society make against baroque opera. Posted by Michael J. Vaughn at 11:03 PM No comments: A lot of complaints stemmed from the fact that two British composers chose an American, formerly middleclass celebrity who started as a stripper. Some of the famous Baroque composers are Vivaldi, Bach, Monteverdi, Corelli and Handel. The stereotypically masculine movement quality that Connolly brings to the role is thrown into high relief when contrasted with Ptolemy's immature or somehow "gay" movement quality in the recitative preceding Caesar's aria "Va tacito e nascosto" (0:12-0:30 and 1:05-1:35). What are the complaints with opera serial (Baroque opera) which lead to the development of comic opera? subject is not the compiled Classical material, but what is done to it. Reviewed by Robert Hugill on 24 October 2021 Star rating: 4.5 () only the work's second UK staging, Fulham Opera take on Strauss and Hofmannsthal's impossible opera and make it work brilliantly. Anna Nicole Smith is an archetype for the fallen celebrity. The practice of castrating boys for their singing voiceswhat has been called aesthetic castration, or castration for the sake of artdates back to church choirs in early medieval Constantinople and 12th-century Spain, although there have been eunuchs throughout history. McClary, Susan. The baroque opera and the practice of musical performing, both have similar numerous and unpredictable ways to succeed. Beyond the body of the castrato lies his voice. Ethnomusicology Review However, the musicians that belonged to the Baroque style composed their music in only one mood. Richardson's attorneys tried to file a class-action lawsuit, citing the widespread practice of chaining up prisoners. [viii] In the very attempt to replace them or sing anew their music, their absence re-creates their presence. We do not, however, tolerate overt discrimination based on race, sex, gender, sexual orientation, or religion, and reserve the right to remove posts that we feel might offend our readers. Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. If you're considerate and flexible, your neighbours will be too.'. Although significantly rarer, the castrato also fulfills a similar role. Desire and Pleasure in Seventeenth-Century Music. 2007. The stories were not related to real people or events . Research showed that the freedom they enjoyed made them explore the field of opera. [vii] I am very grateful to Jaedra DiGiammarino, Kaitlyn Jurewicz, Layla Meyer, and Turya Nair for their input in describing and analyzing these different choreographies. The 2005 Glyndebourne Festival Opera version instead features two countertenors as Ptolemy and Nirenus and a woman en travesti or in drag playing Caesar. When conducted before puberty, the surgery altered hormone levels in the male body and resulted in a comparatively plastic skeletal structure; a rounder, softer, and hairless face; and a body that was significantly larger than that of the average man. A Masque was an extravagant play performed privately for nobility. New York: Routledge. To examine these audience interpretations, I wish to contrast the meanings of historical and contemporary constructions of gender and sexuality as they relate to Georg Frederick Handel's opera Giulio Cesare in Egitto. All rights reserved. Solo, chamber, and orchestral repertoire from the Baroque master. Michael J. Vaughn is a 35-year opera critic and author of the opera novels Gabriella's Voice and Operaville. Therefore, while both Christophe Dumaux and Rachid Ben Abdeslam augment their performances with stereotypically feminine and campy choreographies and costumes, the heart of the perceived effeminacy of their characters lies in their tessitura. what complaints did classical society make against baroque opera 12th June 2022 . Who Does April End Up With Tmnt 2012, what complaints did classical society make against baroque opera, https://www.clearwayds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/logoFinal-1.png, Copyright - 2017 - Clearway Drainage -, Aztec Clay Mask And Apple Cider Vinegar For Hair, Slow Cooked Lamb Shoulder Curry On The Bone, Paano Mapapahalagahan Ang Mga Kontribusyon Ng Sinaunang Kabihasnan. It was also an age of curiosity and individualism, with humanism becoming a huge intellectual movement. "), "A Comparison of the Similarities and Differences Between Baroque and Classical Opera." 3. For me, Sondheim is one of those. Find information about registered charities in England and Wales, including. The one related to pace is a fast paced one. Hansen, David, countertenor. The music was too heavy and complex . These interpretations result from a combination of the bodies and voices of the actors, the costumes they wear, and the manner in which they portray their characters. The first ever operas were written around 1600 by Baroque composers including Monteverdi and Cavalieri, and the genre quickly took off. New York: Vintage Books. It is firmly believed that the Baroque style overlapped with the classical type in the course of time. In Giulio Cesare, one such moment happens vocally in the duet between Cleopatra and Caesar: "Caro! Kibin, 2023. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/a-comparison-of-the-similarities-and-differences-between-baroque-and-classical-opera-4rYORs9e. One of the outstanding differences between these key periods of Western Classical Music is the change in creative thinking. Nothing is created in a vacuum, and while the cultural constructs of historical eras differ vastly from those of the present, they crucially inform the here and now, being not dead, or even completely past. Figure 4: Vaslav Nijinsky in Scheherazade, 1910 (photo courtesy Library of Congress). To learn more, read our. Bach and G.F. Handel. For example, the luxuriant manner in which he removes and swirls his robe and slinks around the stage as compared with the pose in front of the mirror and the somersault, which have an almost violent flavor to them. The Classical Period (1750-1825) Textures, melodies, and forms became simpler compared to the Baroque era. The rondo style of the Baroque music was ABACABA while the rondo style of Classical music was ABA or ABACA. Weekly magazine featuring the best British journalists, authors, critics and cartoonists, since 1828. Ya gotta love live theater. The main storyline follows Julius Caesar just after he has defeated and invaded Egypt. Verdi reserves his greatest melodies and richest harmonies for this tale of love and duty Now the most-performed opera in the world, it's hard to believe that during Verdi 's lifetime La traviata was seen as a bit of a disappointment after the epic historic operas of Il trovatore and Rigoletto. The classical and baroque periods brought in the great orchestral or "Classical" Masses, by composers such as Mozart, Schubert, Scarlatti, and many others. Somi Kim Photo: Liz Isles. "People just want great music and are sick of race being injected into every facet of our lives." The performance is typically given in an opera house, accompanied . Let us know! That article (1) diagnoses why classical music -- both old and contemporary -- has lost its cultural vitality and (2) looks at some proposals for reviving it. 100% money back guarantee on every item, every order, every day. One of the major complaints I hear is about how stuffy the concert hall is. Baroque musicians had more freedom in their manner of composition. Classical music found its way with the invention of the sonata. Caesar might be a man, but Sarah Connolly is not, and there are distinct same-sex erotic moments in this duet as a result. In 1933, Ben-Haim, along with other trained artists and composers, immigrated to Palestine as part of the Fifth Aliyah. Portrait of the Castrato: Politics, Patronage, and Music in the Life of Atto Melani. Gradually the classical performers dominated the music scene of the major part of Europe. Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (libretto) and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. These concerti became increasingly demanding for the performers for which they were written and far more of a public spectacle than in previous times. Originally, the term "baroque" was pejorative (Ibid). Connolly performs a very masculine Caesar, who swaggers around the stage with a decisive step, or who sits with feet planted firmly apart, a body full of straight lines with few curves. The Suite, often consisting of up to six movements based on earlier Renaissance dances, developed into the Sonata. Listen to "L . This. Paul Mealor says: The very greatest composers are able to sustain us in our darkest moments as well as making us laugh and filling us with joy. You can export up to 10,000 records. Royer's "L'Aimable," a piece from the distant era of Versailles, is like a caress, of an infinite tenderness. Handel, Georg Frideric. This was the time when Protestantism, through its definitive break with Roman Catholicism, arose to take its place on the Christian map. 1734 harpsichord by Hieronymus Albrecht Hass, Difference Between Coronavirus and Cold Symptoms, Difference Between Coronavirus and Influenza, Difference Between Coronavirus and Covid 19, Difference Between Nanocrystalline and Polycrystalline, Difference Between Kosher Salt and Sea Salt, Difference Between Orthoclase and Plagioclase, What is the Difference Between Syphilis and Chancroid, What is the Difference Between Open and Closed Mitosis, What is the Difference Between Typical and Atypical Trigeminal Neuralgia, What is the Difference Between Menactra and Menveo, What is the Difference Between Soft Skills and Technical Skills, What is the Difference Between Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Narcolepsy. any actions the Charity Commission has taken against the charity. . Two different moods were set initially by the earlier classical singers, one related to lyricism and the other one related to pace. Which is why Adele's songs owe everything to Schubert and sampling wouldn't exist without Dvork, Howard Goodall tells Imogen Tilden. Biology. . http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/a-comparison-of-the-similarities-and-differences-between-baroque-and-classical-opera-4rYORs9e Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. New York: Oxford University Press. They dance closer, hold hands, kiss passionately. CD (Viorgin Classics 0094624228). One significant difference was the emergence of the String Quartet and Quintet. In addition to the charge created by two high voices originating from two female bodies entwined in a (seemingly) heterosexual love duet, there is the question of the choreography. . His Water Music, Music for the Royal Fireworks, operas and oratorios remain popular to this day.He cut his musical teeth in Hamburg and Italy before settling in London in 1712 where he went on to become the most celebrated musician of his day. Like most baroque operas, it has many plots, subplots, and even sub-subplots! Alexis Hill Daughter Of Patti Deutsch, Choose from an incredible selection of jewelry and gifts at unbeatable prices. During the Renaissance era, hearing a castrato sing was the privilege of the European elite, and these upper classes often included men of the church. They concentrated on improvisation too. The classical and baroque periods brought in the great orchestral or "Classical" Masses, by composers such as Mozart, Schubert, Scarlatti, and many others. (2023). Philippe Jaroussky, countertenor. The first musical theatre work that we might define as an opera today was Jacopo Peri's Dafne, composed in the late 1590s.Unfortunately little of Peri's score survives so Claudio Monteverdi's Orfeo of 1607 takes the crown as the earliest work that you are able to hear. 5 Mozart; Piano Concerto No. Classical music chords did not have as frequent harmonic changes as the baroque period which gave it a more graceful tone (Classical music period). Perhaps more usefully, musicologist Dorothy Keyser characterizes the castrato in baroque society as an ambiguous figure, a blank canvas upon which any sexual role might be projected (1987/88:49-50). $55-$195. When citing an essay from our library, you can use "Kibin" as the author. First Nights at the Opera. In the treatises of the seventeenth century, harmonythat is, figured bass realizationseems . Some of the famous classical composers are Haydn, Beethovan, Mozart and Schubert. The church exerted increasing influence. This is not the case with the classical performers. Explore IPL's repository of 500,000+ essays across thousands of topics to help you finish your homework. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. It was a play based on an allegory or mythology and had songs, dances, poetry, sometimes recitatives, and instrumental pieces. A comparison of the similarities and differences between baroque and classical opera. In Queering the Pitch: The New Gay and Lesbian Musicology, edited by Ed. [v] This era witnessed a phenomenon called the "Grand Tour," an opportunity for British men of the upper classes "to escape the prying eyes and gossiping tongues of London polite society and indulge their passions, notably classical art and the 'sodomitical vice,' in the place that was thought of as synonymous with both: Italy" (Thomas 2006:173). 2520 Schoenberg Music Building gabi voice actor death threats; grosse pointe south high school athletic director; how to enter cryptocurrency on turbotax Singers and musicians have been poached by a rival company. There is also the aria "Chi perde un momento" sung by Nirenus. Corrine Blackmer, Patricia Smith, and Hlne Cixous speak to the power of opera in general"that seemingly forbidding and improbable realm of artifice[where a woman could], through the power of her voice, transcend her gender and, more than love, rescue her own sex" (1995:5). Here, in this stratified society in miniature, the Queen of the Night - an anguished, smoking Suffragette who seems to have drifted in from a Henry James novel - rules uneasily from her top-floor suite. However, in the music world, both are much adored. It is often referred to as antiquated, out of touch, a museum. In October 1989, after prayers for peace at St. Nicholas' Church, established in 1983 as part of the peace movement, the Monday demonstrations started as the most prominent mass protest against the East German regime. Some of the famous classical composers are Haydn, Beethovan, Mozart and Schubert. Stephan Films. The hard, cold truth is that classical music in public places is often deliberately intended to make certain kinds of people feel unwelcome. It starts as a very Renaissance story in Florence in the early 1570s with a group of noblemen, scientists and artists who called themselves the Camerata. Even Bach and Beethoven set the Catholic Mass in great symphonic and orchestral renderings. The Decline of Medieval Theatre. For example, there is the gender bending outfit Ptolemy wears during his aria "Belle dee di questio core." This doesnt mean that Mozart or Haydn for example, abandoned the earlier musical forms and fugue features in both of these composers works, particularly the String Quartets. The culture-scape is baroque opera in the years 1724 and 2005. Gelrard Corbiau, director. This last component combines actual dance choreography with more general movement style, and the quality of movementwhat we might call the choreographic timbreis often more important than merely observing which parts of the body locomote. What makes you cringe? Kelly, Thomas Forrest. `Full and Short Scores' in early Baroque organ parts ( Journal of the American Musicological Society, 30 (1977), 194-208). There were new techniques such as playing off the string. 2006. It was written for quite a strong cast with the mezzo-soprano castrato Carestini (creator of Ariodante) playing Oreste, Cecilia Young was Ifigenia, Anna Strada del Po (creator of Alcina) was Ermino and John Beard was . Through May 1 at California Theatre, 345 S. First Street, San Jose. Listen to "L'Aimable," and you will be consoled. Slow Cooked Lamb Shoulder Curry On The Bone, KFZ-Gutachter. Greek tragedy. For many years, members of the Bach family throughout Thuringia had held positions such as organists, town instrumentalists, or Cantors . 408/437-4450, www.operasj.org. All of the recordings on this site are freely available - for you to download & listen, burn to CDs, share (eMail) to anyone, use in school assignments or as incidental music for plays, for software games, background music for period events (Renaissance fairs), Youtube videos, et c. In other words, none of this stuff is for sale. In this paper, I chose to do a comparison on the renaissance and baroque period; to analyze the differences between the renaissance and baroque musically and socially. Alongside the concerto came the classical Symphony that had its roots in the Italian Sinfonia but dramatically reformed in the 18th century. Listen to free classical music online with unlimited skips! It was also the period during which the Roman Catholic Church, as an entity distinct from other . The servant Nirenus becomes a sissy or pansy. Answering questions also helps you learn! 1990. The Differences between Baroque and Classical music, Similarities Between Mozart And Beethoven, 21 Easy Piano Songs for Beginners (Music Videos), Left-Handed Piano: Challenge and Inspiration for One-Handed Pianist, 4 Hardest Violin Pieces Ever Written (Most Difficult Violin Pieces), Characteristics of Classical Music: An introduction, 9 Most Difficult Piano Pieces of All Time (Hardest Piano Pieces), The Best of Mozart (7 Beautiful Works by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart), How Hard Is Fr Elise Difficulty | By Ludwig Van Beethoven, Shigeru Kawai Vs Steinway Piano (Differences Between Shigeru Kawai And Steinway Piano), Well Tempered Vs Equal Tempered (Differences BetweenWell Tempered And Equal Tempered), 5 Chopin Saddest Pieces You Must Listen To, Orchestral Musicians Bring Whales To Surface This Will Take Your Breath Away. The first was the posthumous success of Pergolesi's 1733 subversive Neapolitan comedy, La . Kibin, 2023, www.kibin.com/essay-examples/a-comparison-of-the-similarities-and-differences-between-baroque-and-classical-opera-4rYORs9e. Did you find something inaccurate, misleading, abusive, or otherwise problematic in this essay example? An April 2018 report by an agency that oversees prison conditions confirmed that multiple men in the Special Management Unit at Lewisburg were being chained and shackled, sometimes for days. Even Bach and Beethoven set the Catholic Mass in great symphonic and orchestral renderings. Classical opera as a term can refer to operas that were composed during the Classical Era (1750-1820), or can more broadly encompass operas composed in a classical style. Trumpets, timpani and larger string sections divided specifically into violins 1 & 2, violas, cellos and double basses became commonplace in the Classical orchestra. Some contemporary audience interpretations of the resulting Glyndebourne production might include: Caesar and Cleopatra as a lesbian couple and the Egyptians as effeminate or homosexual men. Musicologist Roger Freitas has documented the castrato Atto Melani, who had several homosexual affairs with patrons; it is likely that other castrati also had sex with men (2009:101).
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